Topical application of currently used antimicrobials – including iodine, chlorhexidine and silver – aids in reducing the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the wound. Generally, current treatments involve cleaning the wound, treating the infection with antimicrobials 1,2, and applying wound dressings 3. Management of wound infection is essential to reduce the presence of bacteria and promote healing 4. Later in wound infection, Gram-negative organisms, including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas species make up the majority of the organisms present 3. In early wound infection, the majority of organisms present are gram-positive, with Staphylococcus aureus (being most common. In chronic wounds, infection is most commonly poly-microbial, although this changes over time. Subsequently, if bacteria overcome the host immune responses and enter the surrounding tissue and blood vessels, producing a systemic host response, an infection is classified as systemic infection or sepsis 3. Generally, when more than 10 5 pathogenic organisms/gram of tissue colonise the wound, the wound is considered infected and localised infection develops as bacteria use different mechanisms to overcome the host immune responses 2. Introductionĭelayed healing in chronic wounds changes the normal microbiota of the wound, leading to colonisation by more virulent microbial pathogens and subsequent infection this is often described as a continuum spectrum from contamination to colonisation to infection 1. It also discusses novel approaches in nanotechnology that are being used for the development of natural remedies aimed at improving the healing of infected chronic wounds. This review summarises the pre-clinical and clinical evidence that exists for the use of natural remedies, namely essential and animal oils, as adjunctive therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infected wounds. This has therefore led to a renewed interest in natural and alternative antimicrobial treatment strategies in wound care for the treatment of infected wounds. Bacterial infections are a critical contributing factor to chronic wounds and can lead to biofilm formation and inhibition of innate inflammatory responses, including the reduction of acute inflammation.Ĭoncerningly, the overuse of systemic antibiotics and the use of traditional therapeutics, including topical antimicrobials – iodine, chlorhexidine and silver – have both greatly contributed to the development of a global increase in antimicrobial resistance. The healing of chronic wounds is often compromised by colonisation of different bacterial pathogens leading to life-threatening infections. Chronic wounds are a serious medical problem both in the hospital and community setting.
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